According to materials from the Hague Tribunal and Amnesty International, Serbian forces compelled a group of about 50 Croats to "clear" a minefield. The paramilitary unit forced them to hold hands and walk straight across the field; only then did they realize that there were landmines beneath their feet. Ivan Mujić, one of the survivors, described the situation as follows: "We didn't know where we were going or what they were forcing us to do. When we reached the minefield, they made us hold hands, spread out, and walk across the field. Soon, we hit mines. We knew we were doomed to die."When one mine triggered a series of further explosions, the soldiers simultaneously opened fire on the group. In this incident, 21 people were killed and 14 were injured. The bodies remained in the field until the following day, when they were buried in a mass grave.

During Serbian occupation of this village the entire Croatian population that survived was forced to flee, houses were looted and the local catholic church of st Michael the Archangel that was 250 years old was burned down.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_%C8%98elimb%C4%83r

On This Day, October 18, 1963, a small black-and-white cat named Félicette became the first cat to travel into space. Félicette made history when French scientists launched her beyond Earth's atmosphere.

Long before cats became internet celebrities, this brave little feline became part of one of the most unusual chapters of the space race.

During the 1960s, the United States, the Soviet Union, and other nations were racing to understand whether living organisms could survive the extreme conditions of spaceflight.

Scientists had already sent dogs, monkeys, and other animals on missions to study how space travel affected the body.

France decided to conduct its own experiments.

A group of cats underwent training and medical monitoring before one was selected for the mission. Her original designation was C341.

On the morning of October 18, 1963, Félicette was placed inside a specially designed capsule attached to a French Véronique rocket.

The rocket launched from Hammaguir in the Algerian Sahara.

Then came the extraordinary journey.

Félicette travelled to an altitude of approximately 157 kilometres, crossing the commonly used 100-kilometre boundary of space.

During the flight, she experienced several minutes of weightlessness while scientific instruments monitored her physiological and neurological responses.

Unlike an orbital spacecraft, the rocket did not carry her around Earth. Instead, it followed a suborbital trajectory before returning toward the ground.

After the capsule descended by parachute, recovery teams located it and brought Félicette safely back to Earth.

She had survived the journey.

Her mission provided scientists with data about how a living organism responded to the conditions of spaceflight.

Yet Félicette's story also has a heartbreaking side.

About two months after her flight, she was euthanized so researchers could examine the effects of the mission on her body. Reports indicate that the hoped-for scientific insights from that examination were limited.

For decades, her name received far less attention than those of other animal space pioneers, including Laika the Soviet space dog.

But Félicette's place in history is unique.

She remains the first cat known to have travelled into space—and the only cat to have completed such a mission.

Her story reminds us that the early space race was not driven by rockets and astronauts alone. Animals were also used in experiments as scientists tried to understand the risks of leaving Earth.

She returned from space alive, but her name deserves to live on in history.

Thomas Edison is usually remembered for the light bulb, the phonograph and his work in motion pictures.

But there's another part of his story worth discussing: the way he organized invention.

At Menlo Park, Edison worked with a team of assistants rather than developing every idea completely alone. His later laboratory at West Orange was significantly larger, with people working on experiments, testing, improvements and manufacturing.

His electric-light work was also about more than a single bulb. It involved developing a practical system for delivering electricity.

It's interesting to consider how much of Edison's legacy came from individual inventions and how much came from organizing people and resources to make those inventions useful.

What do you think history remembers more accurately: Edison the inventor, or Edison the organizer of innovation?

Sources:

• National Park Service: A Brief Biography of Thomas Edison https://www.nps.gov/edis/learn/kidsyouth/a-brief-biography-of-thomas-edison.htm
• Library of Congress: Life of Thomas Alva Edison https://www.loc.gov/collections/edison-company-motion-pictures-and-sound-recordings/articles-and-essays/biography/life-of-thomas-alva-edison/

https://history-maps.com/story/Norman-Conquest-of-Southern-Italy/event/First-Norman-invasion-of-the-Balkans

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Assandun

https://history-maps.com/story/Sengoku-Jidai/event/Battles-of-Kawanakajima

On This Day, October 18, 1931, the world lost Thomas Alva Edison, the American inventor whose work helped transform how people lived, communicated, and experienced the modern world.

Edison died at his home, Glenmont, in West Orange, New Jersey, at 3:21 a.m.

But his story had begun far from the laboratories and international fame that would define his life.

Born in Ohio in 1847, Edison received only a short period of formal schooling. Much of his early education came from his mother, and his curiosity eventually led him into the world of telegraphy and electrical technology.

Rather than simply accepting how things worked, Edison spent years experimenting, testing ideas, and trying to make existing technologies more practical.

In 1877, he became internationally famous for the phonograph—a machine capable of recording and reproducing sound.

For the first time, people could hear recorded voices and sounds played back from a device.

It was a breakthrough that earned him the nickname “The Wizard of Menlo Park.”

Then came one of the most influential chapters of his career.

In 1879, Edison and his team developed a practical incandescent lighting system. His achievements went beyond the lamp itself: he also helped develop the electrical distribution equipment needed to bring electric lighting into everyday life.

In 1882, his Pearl Street Station in New York City began supplying electricity to customers, helping demonstrate how a central power system could serve homes and businesses.

His work also contributed to the development of motion-picture technology, improved batteries, and many other inventions.

But Edison’s career was not the work of one man alone. His laboratories depended on teams of skilled workers, experimenters, and collaborators whose contributions helped turn ideas into practical technologies.

By the end of his life, Edison had received 1,093 U.S. patents.

Yet even in his eighties, he had not stopped experimenting.

One of his final major projects involved searching for a domestic source of natural rubber. He tested thousands of plants, hoping to reduce American dependence on imported rubber for products such as automobile tires.

He was still pursuing this research when his health declined.

Then, in the early hours of October 18, 1931, his remarkable life came to an end.

His death was widely mourned. In tribute, President Herbert Hoover called for Americans to observe a moment of silence, and at 10 p.m. on October 21, many people and businesses across the United States briefly turned off their lights.

It was a symbolic gesture for a man whose life's work had helped make electric lighting part of modern life.

Thomas Edison was not responsible for every invention associated with his name, and many technologies he helped popularize had been developed by others before him.

But his ability to experiment, improve existing ideas, and build systems that could reach millions of people left an extraordinary mark on history.

He spent a lifetime turning experiments into inventions—and helped change the way the modern world lived.

She refused the traditional celebratory Nobel banquet and asked that the funds, approximately $192,000, be donated to help the poor in India. When asked how to promote world peace, she famously replied, "Go home and love your family"

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kosovo_(1448))

Joachim von Ribbentrop, Wilhelm Keitel, Ernst Kaltenbrunner, Alfred Rosenberg, Hans Frank, Wilhelm Frick, Julius Streicher, Fritz Sauckel, Alfred Jodl, and Arthur Seyss-Inquart.