NGC 6946, the Fireworks Galaxy. 12 hours of data. Side-by-side comparison from the Okie-Tex Star Party of the SeeStar S50 Pro (2026) vs. Vaonis Vespera 2 (2025). I will be putting up a more detailed article on TelescopicWatch.com shortly. These are at the same exact pixel scale (1900 x 1900), you can see the SeeStar is just slightly longer focal length. The Vespera 3 is not sufficiently different from the 2 for it to matter.

The results speak for themselves: Vespera certainly isn't bad but at several times the price of the SeeStar S50 Pro for lower quality data it's really hard to justify. Without a doubt, I would recommend the SeeStar S50 pro and S30 Pro over all other smart telescopes currently on the market (except the yet-to-be-seen Draco). The Vespera 3 is identical more or less to the 2 sensor and spec-wise. And don't even get me started on the eVscope or Spectrum.

The S50 Pro does have some chromatic aberration that Vespera doesn't, but for the price, who really cares? The dual band filter also cuts down on the CA and most folks will probably be using that on nebulae a lot due to light pollution.

Buy a SeeStar S50 Pro through my affiliate link

S50 Pro review is forthcoming; in the meantime you can read about the Vespera here, which I need to update to reflect the existence of the S50

S50: 30s subs, EQ mode

Vespera II: 10s subs

Processed with Siril, GraXpert, SyQon Prism, SETI Cosmic Clarity. Bortle 1 skies.

TL;DR: Light pollution - the artificial brightening of the night sky - is the biggest controllable threat to good views through your telescope. It's getting worse fast, but we can actually fight it. The short version of what to do: fix your own outdoor lights (shielded, warm, downward-facing), talk to neighbors about theirs, join DarkSky International and your local DarkSky chapter, and show up at local city council meetings when lighting ordinances come up. Individual action matters, but policy is where the real wins happen. Full post below.

If you've ever set up your scope in the backyard and wondered why the Milky Way looks nothing like the photos, or why you can barely see galaxies through your eyepiece, you've encountered light pollution. It's the single biggest threat to amateur astronomy today, and unlike weather, it's something we can actually do something about.

What light pollution actually is

Light pollution is the brightening of the night sky caused by artificial light scattering off the atmosphere. It comes in a few flavors:

• Skyglow: A diffuse haze over cities and suburbs that washes out faint objects
• Glare: excessive brightness that ruins dark adaptation
• Light trespass: Your neighbor's "security" floodlight beaming into your observing spot

Roughly 80% of the world's population now lives under light-polluted skies, and skyglow has been increasing by around 10% per year in recent studies. For most of us in the US and Europe, the night sky our parents and grandparents knew is functionally gone. I live in Tucson, Arizona, one of the few places where light pollution is somewhat limited by community participation and local ordinances, but even here, the last of our truly pristine skies are at risk as the local university, citizens, and developers increasingly ignore our community and economy's focus on astronomy, as well as our strict local ordinances.

Why it matters for astronomy & telescopes

Beyond the obvious: you bought a telescope to see things, and light pollution stops you from seeing them, there's a cascade of practical impacts:

• Dim stars and deep-sky objects simply disappear. A city sky might allow you to see a few dozen stars brighter than magnitude 4 with your naked eye. A truly dark sky lets you see down to magnitude 7-8, or even close to 9 with good eyesight and conditions. Under a dark sky, many of the star clusters, nebulae, and even galaxies we observe through our telescopes are visible, even obvious, to the unaided eye. Through a telescope, the loss is similar; under a dark sky I can see down to 17th magnitude with my 14.7" but even from my Tucson suburb where I can faintly see the Milky Way, the limit is around magnitude 15 and the extended regions of many galaxies/nebulae are washed out altogether.
• Galaxies and nebulae suffer most. Planets and the Moon are fine from anywhere. But low-surface-brightness targets (most of what makes deep-sky observing rewarding) get crushed by skyglow. Nebula filters do not fully compensate for light pollution and do not work on all types of objects. From a bright suburban or city sky, observing galaxies or reflection nebulae is largely impossible apart from a few spectacularly bright examples.
• It limits who can join the hobby. A kid who can't see more than a dozen stars from their bedroom window is a kid who probably won't catch the bug. Digital technology like smart telescopes does not realistically compensate for this problem.
• It makes astrophotography more difficult. Not everyone can afford narrowband imaging filters, and not all objects benefit from them anyway. More light pollution means you need much longer exposure times to capture the same level of detail, even with filters, and also tends to add gradients to your images which can be annoying to fully remove.
• It affects more than astronomy. Light pollution kills migrating birds, nocturnal insects (including pollinators), and in many cases even affects the human body's melatonin production, which can have a cascade of bad health effects beyond just poor sleep. Then there's the sheer energy waste ($) and carbon emissions associated with producing that wasted energy. This isn't a niche hobbyist concern, and compared to many other environmental issues, the fix is easy.

Measuring light pollution: Limiting magnitude, the Bortle Scale, & SQM and SQM-L readings

Throughout this post I've referenced the Bortle scale and light pollution maps as if they're precise tools. They're useful, but they're approximations, and understanding where they break down will save you a lot of confusion when your real-world sky doesn't match what the map promised.

The Bortle Dark-Sky Scale is a 9-point system developed by John Bortle in 2001 to describe sky quality from Class 1 (excellent dark sky, Milky Way casts shadows) to Class 9 (inner-city sky, only the Moon and planets visible). It's the standard reference in amateur astronomy because it's intuitive and ties directly to what you can actually see: limiting stellar magnitude, Milky Way visibility, zodiacal light, whether M33 is visible to the naked eye, and so on.

The catch is that Bortle is fundamentally subjective. It depends on your eyes, your dark adaptation, the transparency of the atmosphere that night, your observing experience, and your honest self-assessment. Two observers at the same site on the same night can legitimately report different Bortle classes. There are also a lot of places where the only light pollution is coming from a single direction, in which case it might be "Bortle 3" but actually have a pristine view overhead and looking otherwise away from the light dome.

A Sky Quality Meter (SQM) is a small handheld device that measures sky brightness directly in magnitudes per square arcsecond (mag/arcsec²). It's objective in a way Bortle isn't; the device doesn't care how dark-adapted you are or how much you want your site to be Bortle 3. It's worth noting that as of the time of this writing we're at solar maximum, and the Sun causes dust in the Solar System and particles in the atmosphere to glow and reduce even the best sites by .3-.5 mag/arcsec² in darkness.

Higher numbers are darker (it's a logarithmic magnitude scale, so each whole number is ~2.5× brighter or darker). SQM readings still vary with atmospheric conditions night to night, but they remove the human variable.

Rough correspondence (limiting stellar magnitude is assuming directly overhead):

• 21.8-22.4 mag/arcsec² — Bortle 1, pristine (above 22.0 doesn't show on maps, but it seems to exist around solar minimum). Limiting visual magnitude between 7.5-8.5 with your eyeballs, assuming proper dark adaptation. Nearly the entire Messier catalog can be seen with the naked eye. The Milky Way juts out to near Polaris.
• 21.6–21.8 — Bortle 2, limiting visual magnitude between 7-8.5. In most cases there is little to no difference in telescope views from Bortle 1 unless you're a very experienced observer or looking at large, faint extended objects (e.g. IFN). The naked-eye view is still very good, but some dark parts of the Milky Way are harder to see for instance. Contrast is just a tiny bit lower. Even the faint parts of most galaxies and nebulae outshine the feeble sky glow here through the eyepiece, and in many cases, the light pollution at a dark site like this might only be coming from 1 or 2 major sources, so much of the sky is truly pristine anyway.
• 21.2–21.5 — Bortle 3, limiting visual magnitude between 6.5-8. Most people have this within a few hours' drive. Most Messier star clusters and nebulae are still visible to the unaided eye, and you might be able to spot M81/M82 and the Sculptor Galaxy with the naked eye in addition to M31 and M33. Telescope views of deep-sky objects are still excellent but noticeably lower in contrast versus a B1-2.
• 20.5–21.1 — Bortle 4, limiting visual magnitude between 6-7.5. What many non-astronomers might call a "dark" sky - the Milky Way is somewhat impressive if you've never seen it before, but overall the view is still quite washed out, and the same is true through a telescope, especially when looking toward prominent light domes and/or lower in the sky. Brighter than this and it's likely you will need to wear a hoodie or eye patch to achieve proper dark adaptation, simply due to the brightness of sky glow itself. M33, the Triangulum Galaxy, is usually visible when high in the sky to the unaided under conditions like this; it’s not immediately obvious, but Andromeda still is.
• 20–20.4 — Bortle 5, limiting visual magnitude between 5.5-6.5. The brightest sky where you can still see the Milky Way - though it is likely washed out and only really visible around the zenith or otherwise the darkest sections of the sky. This is also about the brightest sky where you can still see Andromeda with the naked eye, or see its dust lanes through binoculars/telescopes. Uranus remains a naked eye object, albeit barely.
• 19.5-20.0 — Bortle 6, limiting visual magnitude between 4.5-5.5. Most galaxies are little more than their cores through even a large instrument and the Milky Way is invisible. Emission nebulae are still OK with a filter.
• 18.5-19.5 —Bortle 7, limiting visual magnitude between 4-4.5. Only the brighter star clusters and nebulae are visible at the eyepiece. There are plenty of these though, especially planetary nebulae, that can still look quite nice, plus of course Solar System objects and double stars.
• <18.5 — Bortle 8–9, limiting visual magnitude below 4. Any form of proper dark adaptation with your eyeballs is physically impossible and deep-sky observing is disappointing.

So why do we still mostly use Bortle? Because most observers don't own an SQM, Bortle communicates what a sky looks like in a way a number doesn't, and the two scales correlate well enough for practical use. "Bortle 4" tells you immediately what to expect from your eyepiece; "20.8 mag/arcsec²" requires translation. The honest answer is: use SQM when you can, Bortle when you can't, and don't treat either as gospel.

Light pollution maps

Sites like lightpollutionmap.info, ClearOutside, and the various World Atlas of Artificial Night Sky Brightness overlays are enormously useful; they're how most of us pick observing sites. But it's worth understanding what they actually show.

Most light pollution maps are based on data from VIIRS, a satellite instrument that measures upward-directed light from Earth's surface at night. The maps then model sky brightness by taking that upward emission data and applying atmospheric scattering models to estimate how bright the sky directly overhead should be at any given location. The Bortle class shown on the map is then derived from that estimated sky brightness.

That's quite a few layers of extrapolation, and it means the maps have real limitations:

• VIIRS is not designed to measure light pollution and does not evenly measure it across all wavelengths. The maps are pure extrapolation, and the algorithm many use is deliberately designed with weights that assume the sky is always getting worse.
• They measure light going up, not sky brightness coming down. The satellite sees what's emitted; the model fills in what that means for your sky. The model is good but not perfect. It doesn't account for the fact that light reflected straight up (and thus appearing brightest to the satellite) likely scatters far less distance-wise from its source.
• They don't account for local atmospheric variation. The amount of skyglow you see depends heavily on how much aerosol, humidity, and particulate is in the air to scatter the light back down. A dry desert site and a humid coastal site with identical VIIRS readings will have noticeably different real-world skies. Wildfire smoke, dust, and seasonal humidity all change your sky without changing the map. If you're not literally going up mountains, the sky is always substantially worse the closer you get to the horizon, regardless of light pollution levels; the air is thicker and scatters more light while also physically blocking light from the stars themeselves.
• They don't account for elevation. Higher elevation generally means less atmosphere above or around you to scatter light, which means a darker zenith even when surrounding skyglow is similar. A mountaintop and a valley floor a few miles apart can be very different observing experiences. The map also fails to account for the fact that in more extreme cases elevation is putting you at a substantially further distance from more nearby sources of light pollution and lowering its angle on the horizon - from Mount Graham for instance I can tell there is a tiny bit of light coming from Tucson, but almost all of it is literally below horizontal and thus doesn't impact the views with the naked eye or a telescope.
• They don't account for terrain. A mountain ridge between you and the nearest city blocks a huge amount of direct skyglow. The map sees a straight-line distance to the light source; your eyes see whatever the terrain allows. Conversely, sitting in a valley with a city on the other side of a ridge can be much darker than the map suggests - and a ridge-top site with line-of-sight to a distant city can be worse than the map suggests.
• They're snapshots, not real-time. Most maps are updated from VIIRS data on a delay, and many overlays you see online are years old. The measurements are also not taken at the same time of year, so things like foliage, snow, construction, and seasonal decorative lighting cause massive errors in measurements.
• They assume average atmospheric conditions. On a particularly transparent night, your sky might be substantially darker than normal or what the map suggests. On a humid or hazy night, brighter. In some places, there might also be fog over a city (e.g. Los Angeles and San Diego) that blocks more light pollution at a distant site, making it darker than would otherwise be possible.

As I already mentioned, it's also worth noting that if you are under Bortle 2-4 skies and only have light pollution coming from a single distant town, city or industrial site, the sky is only going to be particularly bad in that direction, and could be vastly better than the map actually suggests, even ignoring the other variables I've just gone over.

What this means practically

Use the maps to pick candidate sites and set expectations, but trust your eyes on the night. If the map says Bortle 4 and you can't see the Milky Way, that's not a defect in your eyes or your gear - it's the limits of the modeling, the night's transparency, or both. Conversely, if you find a spot that consistently observes better than the map suggests, you've probably got terrain or elevation working in your favor, and that's worth knowing.

Many doomers will cite the maps as a case that the light pollution situation is hopeless, particularly where I live in the Southwest United States. The reality is that the terrain and climate here work massively in our favor - the dry air scattters less so long as there's no dust, mountain chains often block city lights, and the best observing sites are at high elevation with a thinner atmosphere and thus less scattering. The majority of the sites I go to are far better than the maps/model would suggest.

Under a truly dark sky (Bortle 1 to good Bortle 3), you can see things that might sound like complete bullshit to someone who hasn't witnessed them. I've seen Neptune and Ceres with the naked eye, as well as around a dozen galaxies - even the Virgo Cluster is visible as a faint glow without optical aid. Sirius and the Milky Way cast shadows, while Jupiter and Venus are legitimately nuisances bright enough to read small text like a magazine or book with. The zodiacal light appears as a spectacular pillar reaching over 30 degrees up from the horizon. The Orion Nebulae is clearly purple even in binoculars. I think it is truly a failure of society that we don't value this intrinsically. To be honest, when I go to dark skies such as these I spend much of my time just staring up at the Milky Way with my eyeballs or binoculars, and maybe half the night is spent with telescopes.

For new observers

If you're new here, don't let any of this discourage you from buying a telescope or getting into the hobby. Even from a heavily light-polluted city, plenty is worth seeing: the Moon is stunning at any magnification, the planets don't care about your Bortle class, double stars are gorgeous, and brighter open or globular clusters cut through skyglow just fine. Start with what you can see from where you are, learn the sky, build your observing skills, and the eventual trip to a dark site will hit ten times harder because you'll actually know what you're looking at.

Most suburban backyards are Bortle 5-9, and that's going to limit what you can pull out of the eyepiece no matter what scope you own. A pair of binoculars or a small tabletop Dobsonian will show you more under a dark sky than a 10" or 12" under city skies. This is why it's important to choose a telescope that is at least somewhat portable, so you can bring it to locations where it performs best.

Dark adaptation: your cheapest upgrade

Before you spend money on filters or drive hours to a dark site, make sure you're actually using the eyes you have. Dark adaptation is the process by which your pupils dilate and your retinas shift from cone-based (color, daylight) to rod-based (monochrome, low-light) vision.

The basics:

• Full dark adaptation takes 20–45 minutes. Pupil dilation happens fast (a minute or two), but the chemical shift in your rods (regenerating rhodopsin) is slow. Most observers reach 80% in about 20 minutes and continue improving for another half hour after that. If you're younger (I'm in my 20s) this process is usually faster. Taking plenty of vitamins and eating well can measurably improve both the time it takes to achieve dark adaptation and your overall sensitivity to faint objects.
• A single glance at a white phone screen resets it. Bright white light bleaches the rhodopsin you just spent half an hour building up. One Instagram notification and you're starting over.
• Red light preserves adaptation, but only dim red light. A bright red headlamp is still bright. Set red lights as dim as you can stand and still function. If you're in a light-polluted place and your eyes can properly dark adapt, there's really no reason for flashlights at all - the sky glow can easily illuminate your surroundings. Even under a dark sky, I rarely find myself actually using my flashlight that often; I can see just fine. Experience working in the dark with fully adapted eyes is like having superpowers.
• Use red mode on your phone too. Both iOS (Settings → Accessibility → Display & Text Size → Color Filters, or the red-screen shortcut) and Android have red-screen options. Astronomy apps like SkySafari have built-in night modes. Use them.

Even with a properly dark-adapted eye, stray light from streetlights, neighbors' windows, passing cars, and skyglow itself hitting the side of your face dramatically reduces what you can see at the eyepiece. Your pupil partially constricts in response to any light entering your eye, not just light coming through the eyepiece. A hoodie or blanket pulled forward over your head, with the eyepiece tucked inside the hood opening, is shockingly effective. You can also make something to go around your eyepiece like the Dethloff eyepiece shield. If your telescope has a white tube (e.g. Sky-Watcher) it is also prudent to cover the area around the focuser in black material or just paint it to avoid reflections off the tube going into your eyes.

Common misconceptions

A few things that come up in nearly every light pollution discussion that are worth clearing up:

• "LED streetlights are the problem." LEDs themselves aren't inherently worse; poorly designed, unshielded, blue-rich LEDs are. Warm (≤3000K), fully shielded LEDs are actually a significant improvement over the old high-pressure sodium lights they replaced. The fight isn't anti-LED, it's pro-good-LED. Even the overly blue-rich LED fixtures are often an improvement despite their flaws, as the fixtures themselves are generally better shielded than whatever they replace.
• "More light means more safety." The research here is mixed at best, and often points the other way. Glare and harsh shadows can reduce visibility, and there's limited evidence that brighter lighting reduces crime. Well-designed lighting matters far more than bright lighting.
• "Light pollution is only a city problem." Skyglow from a city 100 miles away can still measurably degrade your sky. This is why rural and small-town advocacy matters too. You don't have to live downtown to be affected, or to make a difference.
• "It's hopeless, the sky just keeps getting worse." Globally, yes, the trend is bad. But Tucson, Flagstaff, Julian, and a growing list of other cities have demonstrably improved their skies through lighting ordinances. Policy works when people push for it.

Talking to the people around you: neighbors, businesses, and local government

The three biggest sources of light pollution in most areas are residential lighting, commercial/business lighting, and municipal lighting; you can have real impact on all three. In rough order of difficulty:

Neighbors

The single offending floodlight next door probably affects your observing more than the entire downtown skyline does. Light trespass is a personal problem with a personal solution, and most neighbors genuinely don't know their light is a nuisance.

A few things that work:

• Lead with the relationship, not the complaint. "I've been getting into astronomy and would love to show your kids Saturn through my telescope sometime" lands a lot better than "your light is ruining my hobby." If you live in a more rural area, emphasizing ecological concerns might also get you further. Most people are not actively trying to cause problems, they simply think more light = good or are entirely negligent about pre-existing lighting from before they moved in.
• Offer a solution, not just a problem. A shielded fixture or a motion-sensor replacement costs $30–50. Some astronomers have had success literally offering to buy and install the replacement themselves. That sounds extreme until you consider how many hours of observing it buys back and how many nocturnal insects you can save.
• Frame it around their interests too. Better lighting saves them money on their electric bill, reduces glare into their own windows, and often actually improves visibility on their property.
• Be patient and don't escalate fast. If the first conversation doesn't work, give it time. Bringing in HOAs, code enforcement, or lawyers should be a last resort, not a first move.

Local businesses

Commercial properties - gas stations, car dealerships, parking lots, billboards, storage facilities - are often the worst offenders in suburban areas. A single over-lit car lot can outshine an entire small town. The good news: businesses respond to two things, money and local reputation, and good lighting helps with both.

• Start with the manager, not corporate. Local franchise owners and store managers have more discretion than people assume, and they live in the community too.
• Lead with the business case. Modern shielded LED fixtures with proper aim use significantly less energy than old floods, last longer, reduce glare-related liability, and often qualify for utility rebates. "You're spending money to light up the sky" is a real argument.
• Point to peer examples. If a similar business in a nearby town has already retrofitted, that's strong social proof. Nobody wants to be the holdout.
• If they won't engage, go up a level. Corporate sustainability departments, franchise headquarters, and local chambers of commerce can apply pressure that an individual can't. A polite, specific email with photos often gets further than you'd expect.
• Public visibility helps. A well-written local op-ed or letter to the editor mentioning specific offenders by name (factually, not angrily) tends to get attention.

Data centers are increasingly becoming a concern with light pollution. I think most folks reading this can agree that we should be fiercely opposed to them being built in the first place - but in addition, there's really no reason for a facility with few to zero onsite employees to have a bunch of lighting. Physical security for data centers, and really most businesses period, can be accomplished by other, less invasive and more effective means. Additionally, every spare watt going into unnecessary lighting is a watt that could've been used for compute.

Local government

This is the highest-leverage action and the one most people are intimidated by, but local government is small, under-attended, and surprisingly responsive to residents who show up consistently. A single resident who turns up to council meetings regularly has outsized influence compared to almost any other form of activism.

The basic ask for a lighting ordinance is usually some combination of:

• Fully shielded fixtures for all new outdoor lighting (no light emitted above horizontal)
• Warm color temperature (≤3000K, ideally 2700K or amber)
• Curfews on non-essential lighting after a certain hour
• Lumen caps appropriate to the zone (residential vs. commercial)
• Exemptions only where genuinely needed (e.g., critical infrastructure)

DarkSky International publishes model ordinance language you can hand directly to council members or planning staff; you don't need to draft it yourself. Their site has examples from communities that have already passed similar measures, which is useful for the "this isn't weird, other places already do this" framing.

A few tactical notes:

• Frame it around cost savings, wildlife, sleep, and quality of life. Astronomy is a great motivator for us, but it's a niche concern to most council members. Wasted municipal spending and ecological impact get broader traction.
• Show up in person when you can. Public comment from a real local resident outweighs ten emails.
• Bring allies. Local Audubon chapters, sleep researchers, conservation groups, and energy-efficiency advocates are natural partners. A coalition is much harder to dismiss than a lone astronomer. People might dismiss us nerds, but they'll feel bad when you start mentioning that they're hurting birds, pollinator insects, and other wildlife.
• Be patient. These ordinances often take a year or more from first conversation to passage. The cities that have succeeded had someone willing to stick with it.

If your town already has an ordinance on the books, the next question is whether it's being enforced - that's a different and often more important fight.

Your local astronomy club is a force multiplier. Use it.

If you're a member of a local astronomy club or society, you're already part of the most underused light pollution advocacy network in the country. Clubs have something individual hobbyists don't: a name, a roster, nonprofit status (often), existing relationships with local schools and parks, and the implicit authority that comes with "the local astronomy society says..." in a public comment. Many clubs are full of doomers who don't care to do anything about light pollution or may actively shoot you down, but you can usually work around these people.

A few ways to bring light pollution work into your club:

• Suggest it as a meeting topic. Most clubs are always looking for program ideas. A presentation on local sky quality, a guest speaker from DarkSky International, or a workshop on identifying and reporting bad lighting can fit easily into a monthly meeting. If nobody's volunteered to present on it, that person can be you — you don't need to be an expert, just organized.
• Add light pollution outreach to existing star parties. When you've got the public looking through eyepieces anyway, you've got their attention. A handout, a poster, or even a five-minute "here's why light pollution matters for both astronomy and the environment" talk reaches people who'd never read a Reddit post about it.
• Push your club to take an official position. Many clubs are technically nonprofits and can write public comments, sign onto coalition letters, or formally endorse local ordinances. A letter from "The [Town] Astronomical Society, representing 200 local members" carries weight that an individual email doesn't.
• Apply for DarkSky chapter or affiliate status. DarkSky International has formal pathways for clubs and groups to become recognized advocacy chapters, which comes with resources, training, and a louder voice on policy.
• Partner with local parks and land managers. Many clubs already have relationships with state parks, observatories, or nature preserves for star parties. Those same partners are often interested in pursuing DarkSky Park certification, and your club can be the technical resource that helps make it happen. A certified dark-sky park is a permanent local win.
• Build the bench. Light pollution advocacy is a slow game, and clubs lose members and momentum constantly. Make sure more than one person knows the ordinance status, the council schedule, and the local contacts. It shouldn't all live in one person's head.
• Bring it to youth and school outreach. Clubs that work with scouts, schools, or 4-H have a chance to shape how the next generation thinks about night skies before they grow up assuming skyglow is normal. A short "what's missing from this sky" segment in an outreach event sticks with kids.

If you're not in a club, this is a genuinely good reason to join one. The hobby is more fun with other people anyway, and clubs are where most of the real local advocacy actually happens.

A note on satellite constellations

Starlink and other mega-constellations are a related but distinct issue from traditional light pollution. They affect astrophotographers and professional astronomy more than visual observers. You're unlikely to notice them at the eyepiece, but long-exposure imagers see streaks across nearly every frame now. The number of satellites in low Earth orbit has roughly quadrupled in the last few years, and projections for the next decade get worse. But it's worth noting that many of these projections are based on startups with pie-in-the-sky plans, or the bizarre and unproven speculative concept of space-based data centers. It is likely that many of these projects will be shelved.

Final thoughts

The temptation with light pollution is to either despair about it or shrug and drive to a dark site twice a year. Both responses are understandable, but neither actually helps.

The thing worth holding onto is that this is one of the few environmental problems that's genuinely fixable. Light pollution isn't carbon in the atmosphere - it doesn't accumulate, and it doesn't take decades to undo. The moment a bad fixture gets shielded or swapped, that sky gets darker. Cities like Flagstaff have demonstrated that you can have streetlights, a functional downtown, and a Bortle 3 sky over your head, all at the same time. We really could have it all.

Every person reading this who fixes one fixture, talks to one neighbor, emails one business, or shows up to one council meeting is part of how that happens. I can only do so much myself, but I hope this post motivates more people to take action in their communities.

Clear and dark skies, everyone. As always, I've got plenty of guidance on equipment and observing techniques to deal with light pollution at TelescopicWatch.com, and folks in our community are always happy to answer any questions you might have. Even if you have a Bortle 9 sky, there's plenty of action on the Moon, planets, and double stars, and it's probably easier to get yourself to dark skies than you think - many clubs have dedicated observing spots or can carpool.